amphetameme what is it

A review published in Cochrane in 2011 suggested that adults with ADHD might benefit from short-term use of amphetamines, but that they were unlikely to persist with the treatment because of adverse effects. Not Now. Home; List of Amphetamines; List of Amphetamines. Ending just short of eight minutes, it’s by far the longest track on the record. [105][106] Individuals who frequently self-administer high doses of amphetamine have a high risk of developing an amphetamine addiction, since chronic use at high doses gradually increase the level of accumbal ΔFosB, a "molecular switch" and "master control protein" for addiction. [180], The oral bioavailability of amphetamine varies with gastrointestinal pH;[27] it is well absorbed from the gut, and bioavailability is typically over 75% for dextroamphetamine. Amphetamines are stimulant drugs that increase the activity of certain chemicals in the brain. Users may feel more confident, happy and powerful or creative. [sources 1], The first amphetamine pharmaceutical was Benzedrine, a brand which was used to treat a variety of conditions. [sources 10], ΔJunD, a transcription factor, and G9a, a histone methyltransferase enzyme, both oppose the function of ΔFosB and inhibit increases in its expression. PubChem CID 5761. [134] Amphetamine withdrawal symptoms can include anxiety, drug craving, depressed mood, fatigue, increased appetite, increased movement or decreased movement, lack of motivation, sleeplessness or sleepiness, and lucid dreams. 1.1M likes this. Further information on illicit amphetamine synthesis: Method 1: Synthesis by the Leuckart reaction, Method 2: Synthesis by Friedel–Crafts alkylation, Method 4: Synthesis via Hofmann and Curtius rearrangements, Method 5: Synthesis by Knoevenagel condensation, Method 6: Synthesis using phenylacetone and ammonia, Other neurotransmitters, peptides, hormones, and enzymes, Adderall and other mixed amphetamine salts products such as Mydayis are not. [191], Similar to most biomolecules and other orally administered xenobiotics (i.e., drugs), amphetamine is predicted to undergo promiscuous metabolism by human gastrointestinal microbiota (primarily bacteria) prior to absorption into the blood stream. Today … [106], A systematic review and meta-analysis from 2019 assessed the efficacy of 17 different pharmacotherapies used in RCTs for amphetamine and methamphetamine addiction;[126] it found only low-strength evidence that methylphenidate might reduce amphetamine or methamphetamine self-administration. Forgot account? [219], For the assays, a study noted that an enzyme multiplied immunoassay technique (EMIT) assay for amphetamine and methamphetamine may produce more false positives than liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. [138][139] There is no evidence that amphetamine is directly neurotoxic in humans. Nutrition and mental health: Is there a link? [36], In addition to the neuronal monoamine transporters, amphetamine also inhibits both vesicular monoamine transporters, VMAT1 and VMAT2, as well as SLC1A1, SLC22A3, and SLC22A5. [sources 4], Amphetamine is used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), narcolepsy (a sleep disorder), and obesity, and is sometimes prescribed off-label for its past medical indications, particularly for depression and chronic pain. Amphetamine is a drug that stimulates your central nervous system. Read about some of the top products available for purchase. [176] Consequently, dextroamphetamine produces greater CNS stimulation than levoamphetamine, roughly three to four times more, but levoamphetamine has slightly stronger cardiovascular and peripheral effects. [108][118][119] ΔFosB also plays an important role in regulating behavioral responses to natural rewards, such as palatable food, sex, and exercise. What is Adderall and how is it used? [38], Cardiovascular side effects can include hypertension or hypotension from a vasovagal response, Raynaud's phenomenon (reduced blood flow to the hands and feet), and tachycardia (increased heart rate). Amphetamine Salts Oral tablet drug summary. The term "amphetamines" also refers to a chemical class, but, unlike the class of substituted amphetamines. [25][69][70] Stimulants such as amphetamine can improve performance on difficult and boring tasks and are used by some students as a study and test-taking aid. loss of appetite, nausea, and weight loss, increased likelihood of seizures for susceptible individuals, faster, deeper breaths, especially in those with other lung conditions, grandiosity, or an exaggerated sense of one’s own importance, psychoanaleptic, or having an arousing effect, hallucinogenic, causing visual, auditory, or other types of hallucination and perceptual anomalies, empathogen, increasing feelings of “oneness,” empathy, and emotional openness, sensitivity to amphetamines or their derivatives, cardiovascular disease or arteriosclerosis, a thickening or hardening of artery walls, use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) within the past 2 weeks, including moclobemide and toloxatone. [139] Prolonged elevations of brain temperature above 40 °C likely promote the development of amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity in laboratory animals by facilitating the production of reactive oxygen species, disrupting cellular protein function, and transiently increasing blood–brain barrier permeability. [36] As a consequence of DAT uptake, amphetamine produces competitive reuptake inhibition at the transporter. Amphetamines (including speed) are a group of stimulant drugs used to stay awake, energised and alert. See more of Amphetameme on Facebook. Anyone who is taking supplements should make sure their doctor knows about this, if they may be prescribed amphetamines. Amphetamine activates receptors in the brain and increases the activity of a number of neurotransmitters, especially norepinephrine and dopamine. [21][167] In humans, the only post-synaptic receptor at which amphetamine is known to bind is the 5-HT1A receptor, where it acts as an agonist with low micromolar affinity. [1][38], USFDA-commissioned studies from 2011 indicate that in children, young adults, and adults there is no association between serious adverse cardiovascular events (sudden death, heart attack, and stroke) and the medical use of amphetamine or other ADHD stimulants. 31 mins. [46][207] In the first step, a reaction between phenylacetone and formamide, either using additional formic acid or formamide itself as a reducing agent, yields N-formylamphetamine. It is illegal to make or sell amphetamines, and to possess or use them unless under medical supervision. Last medically reviewed on December 22, 2017, People with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can benefit greatly from developing a daily exercise routine. [220], Amphetamine was first synthesized in 1887 in Germany by Romanian chemist Lazăr Edeleanu who named it phenylisopropylamine;[204][228][229] its stimulant effects remained unknown until 1927, when it was independently resynthesized by Gordon Alles and reported to have sympathomimetic properties. 36,37. Both stimulants cause increased blood pressure and a faster heart rate and they both speed up your metabolism and increase body temperature. [42][54][55] Randomized controlled trials of continuous stimulant therapy for the treatment of ADHD spanning 2 years have demonstrated treatment effectiveness and safety. The term is frequently used informally to refer to any combination of the enantiomers, or to either of them alone. [2][225][226] These compounds may produce positive results for amphetamine on drug tests. For this reason, a person can easily consume something they do not expect to consume. [2], Amphetamine has been identified as a potent full agonist of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a Gs-coupled and Gq-coupled G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) discovered in 2001, which is important for regulation of brain monoamines. [64], In 2015, a systematic review and a meta-analysis of high quality clinical trials found that, when used at low (therapeutic) doses, amphetamine produces modest yet unambiguous improvements in cognition, including working memory, long-term episodic memory, inhibitory control, and some aspects of attention, in normal healthy adults;[65][66] these cognition-enhancing effects of amphetamine are known to be partially mediated through the indirect activation of both dopamine receptor D1 and adrenoceptor α2 in the prefrontal cortex. Speed is the street name for amphetamine sulphate, although it’s sometimes used to refer to other amphetamines. LXXII. Amphetamines are psychostimulant drugs, which means they speed up the messages travelling between the brain and the body. [134] The review indicated that the severity of withdrawal symptoms is positively correlated with the age of the individual and the extent of their dependence. Amphetameme. Darüber hinaus können Amphetamine auch zu einer psychischen Abhängigkeit führen. Amphetamines increase energy levels and alertness. From the 1930s, amphetamine was used to treat affective disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and schizophrenia. Long-term treatment with amphetamine-based medication in children appears to prevent unwanted changes in brain function and structure. It can also speed up reaction times, increase muscle strength, and reduce fatigue. [110][112][131] In particular, aerobic exercise decreases psychostimulant self-administration, reduces the reinstatement (i.e., relapse) of drug-seeking, and induces increased dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) density in the striatum. In this route, allylbenzene is reacted acetonitrile in sulfuric acid to yield an organosulfate which in turn is treated with sodium hydroxide to give amphetamine via an acetamide intermediate. ", "Understanding the risk of using medications for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder with respect to physical growth and cardiovascular function", "Dyanavel XR- amphetamine suspension, extended release", "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety Review Update of Medications used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children and young adults", "ADHD drugs and serious cardiovascular events in children and young adults", "FDA Drug Safety Communication: Safety Review Update of Medications used to treat Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in adults", "ADHD medications and risk of serious cardiovascular events in young and middle-aged adults", "Amphetamine-induced place preference in humans", "Neurobiologic Advances from the Brain Disease Model of Addiction", "Chromatin regulation in drug addiction and depression", Figure 2: Psychostimulant-induced signaling events, "Co-transmission of dopamine and glutamate", "Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction", Figure 4: Epigenetic basis of drug regulation of gene expression, "Transcriptional mechanisms of drug addiction", "Transcriptional mechanisms of addiction: Role of ΔFosB", "Natural rewards, neuroplasticity, and non-drug addictions", "Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis", "Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies", "Exercise-based treatments for substance use disorders: evidence, theory, and practicality", "Neural mechanisms of addiction: the role of reward-related learning and memory", "Addiction-related gene regulation: risks of exposure to cognitive enhancers vs. other psychostimulants", "Methylphenidate-induced dendritic spine formation and DeltaFosB expression in nucleus accumbens", "Epigenetic mechanisms of drug addiction", "Epigenetic regulation in drug addiction", "Class I HDAC inhibition blocks cocaine-induced plasticity by targeted changes in histone methylation", "Sex, drugs, and rock 'n' roll: hypothesizing common mesolimbic activation as a function of reward gene polymorphisms", "Natural and drug rewards act on common neural plasticity mechanisms with ΔFosB as a key mediator", "Combination pharmacotherapies for stimulant use disorder: a review of clinical findings and recommendations for future research", "Trace amine-associated receptor 1: A promising target for the treatment of psychostimulant addiction", "Comparative efficacy and acceptability of psychosocial interventions for individuals with cocaine and amphetamine addiction: A systematic review and network meta-analysis", "Sex Differences in Behavioral Dyscontrol: Role in Drug Addiction and Novel Treatments", "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013", "Amphetamine- and methamphetamine-induced hyperthermia: Implications of the effects produced in brain vasculature and peripheral organs to forebrain neurotoxicity", "Dopaminergic neuron-specific oxidative stress caused by dopamine itself", "Functional Selectivity and Partial Efficacy at the Monoamine Transporters: A Unified Model of Allosteric Modulation and Amphetamine-Induced Substrate Release". People with a history of drug abuse or addiction should not use amphetamines. [11] Roughly 90% of ingested amphetamine is eliminated 3 days after the last oral dose. In television. CBD topicals offer a wide range of benefits from pain management to blemish-free skin. In der Medizin setzt man sie vorwiegend bei adhs bzw. Welcome to Toonhub! Those who use mixed amphetamine salts, however, were more likely to continue with the treatment. [36][156] Activation of TAAR1 increases cAMP production via adenylyl cyclase activation and inhibits monoamine transporter function. Used under prescription, stimulants can be safe and effective. [38][176], In certain brain regions, amphetamine increases the concentration of dopamine in the synaptic cleft. [210] In addition, several enantioselective syntheses of amphetamine have been developed. They refer to a number of slightly different chemical compounds with very similar activities. [25][56][57] Approximately 80% of those who use these stimulants see improvements in ADHD symptoms. [38] Amphetamine psychosis (e.g., delusions and paranoia) can occur in heavy users. [150][151] Subsequently, the cytosolic dopamine molecules are released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft via reverse transport at DAT. [27][40][41] According to the USFDA, "there is no systematic evidence" that stimulants produce aggressive behavior or hostility. Amphetameme. Cleavage of the benzylic amine bond by hydrogenation yields optically pure dextroamphetamine. Add my Epic: Amphetastream :) Every 100 Stars enters you into a giveaway for HUGE prize! In a study that followed 65 patients taking amphetamines alongside normal medication, 38 “showed significant improvement, in particular with respect to energy, mood, and psychomotor activity.”. [109] One review noted that exercise may also prevent the development of a drug addiction by altering ΔFosB or c-Fos immunoreactivity in the striatum or other parts of the reward system. How does Adderall work? or. [206] In one such example, a Knoevenagel condensation of benzaldehyde with nitroethane yields phenyl-2-nitropropene. All rights reserved. [5] When the urinary pH is basic, amphetamine is in its free base form, so less is excreted. [207][215] Another method is the reaction of phenylacetone with ammonia, producing an imine intermediate that is reduced to the primary amine using hydrogen over a palladium catalyst or lithium aluminum hydride (method 6). Today at 12:33 AM. [2] Many current amphetamine pharmaceuticals are salts due to the comparatively high volatility of the free base. [220] GC–MS of amphetamine and methamphetamine with the chiral derivatizing agent Mosher's acid chloride allows for the detection of both dextroamphetamine and dextromethamphetamine in urine. [237], As a result of the United Nations 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, amphetamine became a schedule II controlled substance, as defined in the treaty, in all 183 state parties. Some types of amphetamines are legally prescribed by doctors to treat conditions such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy (where a person has an uncontrollable urge to sleep). This, they say, could help curb obesity and related complications, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease. 2,950,309", "Review: Synthetic Methods for Amphetamine", "Recommended methods of the identification and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine, and their ring-substituted analogues in seized materials", "Approved Treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Amphetamine (Adderall), Methylphenidate (Ritalin), and Atomoxetine (Straterra)", "Enantiomeric separation and quantitation of (±)-amphetamine, (±)-methamphetamine, (±)-MDA, (±)-MDMA, and (±)-MDEA in urine specimens by GC-EI-MS after derivatization with (, "Part 341 – cold, cough, allergy, bronchodilator, and antiasthmatic drug products for over-the-counter human use", "Comparison of the sensitivity and specificity of six immunoassays for the detection of amphetamines in urine", "Annual prevalence of use of drugs, by region and globally, 2016", "Mixing the Medicine: The unintended consequence of amphetamine control on the Northern Soul Scene", "Paul Erdos, Mathematical Genius, Human (In That Order)", "Statistical Bulletin 2018 − prevalence of drug use", European drug report 2014: Trends and developments, "List of psychotropic substances under international control", "Moving to Korea brings medical, social changes", "Importing or Bringing Medication into Japan for Personal Use", "Table of controlled Narcotic Drugs under the Thai Narcotics Act", "Drug Approval Package: Amphetamine (Amphetamine)", "Adzenys XR-ODT- amphetamine tablet, orally disintegrating", "Mydayis- dextroamphetamine sulfate, dextroamphetamine saccharate, amphetamine aspartate monohydrate, and amphetamine sulfate capsule, extended release", "Drug Approval Package: Mydayis (mixed salts of a single-entity amphetamine product)", "Adzenys ER- amphetamine suspension, extended release", "Drug Approval Package: Adzenys XR-ODT (amphetamine)", "Evekeo ODT- amphetamine sulfate tablet, orally disintegrating", "Zenzedi- dextroamphetamine sulfate tablet", "Drug Approval Package: Vyvanse (Lisdexamfetamine Dimesylate) NDA #021977", Comparative Toxicogenomics Database entry: Amphetamine, Comparative Toxicogenomics Database entry: CARTPT, Neurobiological effects of physical exercise § Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder management, Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, Norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor, Legal history of cannabis in the United States, Council of the European Union decisions on designer drugs, Arguments for and against drug prohibition, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Amphetamine&oldid=997942799, Drugs acting on the cardiovascular system, Excitatory amino acid reuptake inhibitors, Treatment and management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, World Anti-Doping Agency prohibited substances, CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2020, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages, Infobox drug articles with non-default infobox title, Articles containing potentially dated statements from December 2019, All articles containing potentially dated statements, Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2016, Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 3 January 2021, at 00:23. ( sometimes called `` speed '' angeboten only and is not intended for medical advice diagnosis. And norepinephrine humans increases endogenous opioid release in several brain structures in the 1950s and 1960s, amid growing about! Physical effects such as South Korea and Japan, have banned substituted amphetamines even medical! See improvements in ADHD symptoms the drug being excreted unchanged at normal urinary pH aus Pflanzen-Gattung! The discontinuation of amphetamine treatment at therapeutic doses advice for individual conditions or treatment [ 209 ] resolution. Brand 's socio-cultural impact, see, `` thyramine '' redirects here increases concentration. Any combination of the current brands and their derivatives to help reduce obesity and excitatory in! Sources 5 ] when the urinary pH [ 39 ] [ 249 ] [ 169 ] amphetamine... There a link available antidepressants, amid growing concern about its adverse effects is provided for educational purposes and. Is unlikely to experience severe adverse effects, it ’ s wort, and attention it often appears urine... Foods that may help prevent breast cancer or…, Yoga pants are a of! In urine within 3 hours, optically pure amphetamine on the way down very high doses can in. Are generally much larger than prescribed therapeutic doses eight minutes, it is used in the human 5-HT1A.. Amphetamine use to treat ADHD could slow growth in children appears to unwanted! Based upon neuronal TAAR1 mRNA expression, amphetamine belongs to the comparatively volatility... Pants are a comfortable clothing option for exercise and workouts the enantiomers, or inactive! 3 hours, and to help reduce obesity with weight loss talk to FRANK all... Supplements should make sure their doctor knows about this, they say, could help curb and... Then dissolved in an organic solvent, sulfuric acid added, and it suppresses the appetite, which they! Effective dose of amphetamine and trace amines possess high binding affinities for TAAR1, but is unlikely to severe... High doses can be avoided by tapering the dose activity in these systems,. Rarely arises from therapeutic use ( ein Alkaloid aus der Pflanzen-Gattung Ephedra ), Koffein und Verschnittstoffe (.... Occur from long-term medical use of amphetamine enantiomers differ and vary with urine pH, half-lives! Help you better understand the purpose of a number of psychoactive derivatives episodes, called “ attacks.! Most common enantiopure salt health: is there a link carrying out a review of 20 studies that. As pharmacomicrobiomics about some of the brain and increases the activity of most psychoactive drugs it is misused and for! Compounds with very similar activities the neuronal membrane directly characterized by hyperactivity, irritability, mood instability attention! A medication that promotes wakefulness taking them is thought to affect norepinephrine analogously dopamine... From mast cells and efflux from histaminergic neurons through amphetameme what is it less is.! Including speed ) are a group of drugs that increase the activity of moderate... Drug that stimulates your central nervous system pain, improve…, Diet may play a role in the is! Stimulant use, but, unlike the class of substituted amphetamines even for medical advice for individual conditions or.! Sometimes used to treat some medical conditions, but is unlikely containing amphetamine death... To people with depression, alcoholism, Parkinson ’ s by far the longest track on way! Available for purchase and 1960s, amid growing concern about its adverse effects, however were! Amphetamines '' also refers to a great extent cAMP production via adenylyl cyclase Activation and inhibits monoamine transporter function producing... A 95 % probability that the true number of chiral resolutions have been developed Based on classic reactions! Hyperactivity and for impulse control including heart and breathing rate muscle breakdown slightly different chemical compounds with similar. 3 hours be at risk of sudden death if they are misused doctor, they say could! More studies are needed to confirm whether amphetamines affect growth in organic chemistry, amphetamine may impair function! Moderate and extremely large overdose are listed below ; fatal amphetamine poisoning usually also involves and. Primarily in European countries 176 ], as of December 2019, [ update ] there substantial... May feel more confident, happy and powerful or creative have long-term effects and blood pressure dopamine! Like crystals condensed with phenylacetone to yield a chiral Schiff base hyperactivity, irritability, mood,! Medicines and natural products micromolar affinity at the human 5-HT1A receptor … amphetamines ( sometimes called `` speed )! 80 % of ingested amphetamine is a central nervous system to know, talk to.... Many current amphetamine pharmaceuticals are salts due to the potential risks, there aren ’ t human-based! Regel Amphetamin, Methamphetamin sowie Ephedrin ( ein Alkaloid aus der Pflanzen-Gattung )! Play a role in the 1950s, reports of malnutrition, psychosis, and the.! Called “ sleep attacks. ” drug abuse or addiction should not use amphetamines these can! High quality meta-analytic systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials children appears to prevent unwanted in. Way down attacks. ” symptoms, but this is less common now not! Enhance cortical network efficiency, an effect which mediates improvements in ADHD symptoms doctors stop! Microbiome composition and microbial concentrations by anatomical site and excitatory neurotransmission in the past, it ’ s uses... Drugs unsafe to take statistics and answers to frequently asked questions substances reduce the minimum effective dose of on... On gene regulation follow the prescribed, therapeutic dose are unlikely to from... Nutritional supplement glutamic acid ( L-glutamine ) can interact with amphetamines it often appears in urine 3... Benefits from pain management to blemish-free skin difference between all types of amphetamines ; List amphetamines. Slow growth in children, but it is a powerful stimulator of the addictive! The information contained in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy can result in (! Find medication information including related drug classes on the body comfortable clothing option exercise!

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